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534. 1. That the most faithful foundation of the Catholic faith, after Christ, is the apostles, the sure integrity of the faith attests: a truth which — even when preaching itself perhaps ceases — some hidden operation of the Holy Spirit, sown and grown together in the minds of the faithful, insinuates. Yet which of those who believe well is ignorant that all heresies went forth from the Catholic Church, like useless shoots cast off from the vine? But she herself remains in her root, in her vine, in her charity, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against her (Matt. 16:18). The one Church, the true Church, the Catholic Church, fighting against all heresies, can fight, but cannot be overcome:
concerning whom Solomon in the Song of Songs, in the person of Christ praising His bride, whom we believe to be the Church, says: Behold, my beloved is as a lily among thorns (Song 2:2): because her integrity is daily pricked, as it were by thorns, by the dogmas of the various heresies, so that, watchful, she may be exercised against her enemies, until, standing forth like a lily, she may be adorned upon the head of her Bridegroom by that very whiteness. 2. But because a certain man, driven by his own spirit, presumed that the cultivators of her faith ought to be called Homoousians or Unisubstantians, his ignorance must be answered. For so great and such is almighty God, that He proclaims good things even through the evil; just as through the wicked high priest (John
11:49-51) deigned to foretell the sacrament of our redemption. For that man who composed the very pamphlet conceived with a savage mind, thought that a heap of divine testimonies, of the New Testament as well as the Old, should be set in opposition against the homoousion. Of such men the Apostle long ago foretold, saying: Not knowing of what they speak, nor concerning what they affirm (1 Tim. 1:7). For if he knew what 'homoousion' expresses from Greek into Latin, he would strive to praise rather than to reproach it.
For our three hundred and eighteen Fathers, who prepared the antidote of this word to shut out the poisons of Arius, did not use terms foreign to the Gospel, but took care to insinuate, word for word, more easily according to usage, the reason of the right faith to those who did not yet understand it. For 'homos' is called 'one,' and 'usia' 'substance' in the Greek tongue. Consult the saying of the Gospel, and you will find that this was uttered by the divine mouth: I and the Father are one (John 10:30). Discuss the plural, and return to the singular truth of the substance. For in that He said, I and the Father are one, He promulgated a judgment concerning the Father's person and His own, against Sabellius, whom He foresaw would become a heretic, by saying 'are,' so as to distinguish His own person and the Father's.
By that which He said, 'one,' He likewise foresaw Arius, who does not hesitate to cut through the substance of the deity. For Sabellius joined wrongly, and Arius separated more wickedly. For it behooved Sabellius to distinguish the person of the Father and of the Son, and Arius not to separate the substance of the deity in any respect at all. They think, indeed, that a great crime is imputed to the Catholic faith when they call her nurslings Homoousians or Unisubstantians: as if 'homoousion' contained the name either of the substance of the deity or of some man; just as the authors of the various heresies judged that a sect of their own name should be preached to their disciples.
As the Simonians from Simon, the Menandrians from Menander, the Marcionists from Marcion, the Valentinians from Valens, the Manichaeans from Manes, the Nepotians from Nepos; and, to pass over the ancient and now almost defunct heresies, I will meanwhile name the newer ones: as are the Sabellians from Sabellius, the Arians from Arius, the Eunomians from Eunomius, the Macedonians from Macedonius, the Apollinarists from Apollinaris, the Nestorians from Nestorius, the Donatists from Donatus, the Maximianists from Maximian, the Rogatists from Rogatus; and if there are any others who are called Christians in name only, not in deed, who, having forsaken God, venerate the names of their founders. Let him who thought 'homoousion' should be charged against Catholics teach that 'homoousion' is the name of some man.
For it would seem to me — had not the most illustrious summit of the Gospel become known to all nations more clearly than light — that the Arians, thinking somehow to foster their heresy, might be able to root out from the Gospel those very words of the Lord; that is, I and the Father are one: which (as has been said), translated word for word, the Fathers established as 'homoousion.' 3. But as to what they build up among the ignorant — whether one ought to believe the many or the few, because the Council of Nicaea was celebrated among three hundred and eighteen Fathers, while the Council of Ariminum, they boast, was gathered among eight hundred and thirty, where cunning men tried to tamper with the homoousion among the ignorant — I will report in brief.
Behold, the homoousion prevailed among the few, so that it became known to the rest of the bishops established throughout the spaces of the whole world, in such a way that they rejoice to be adorned by its confession. But if the later Council of Ariminum (a gathering seems to be lacking here) was assembled, as they assert, in so great a multitude, the bishops of its sect would be multiplied throughout the world, its peoples would increase, such a faith would even seize the very empires. But when the craftiness of that fraud was recognized through prudent and most approved men, the homoousion was so confirmed that we scarcely discern any remnants of Ariminum to remain for proving the Catholics. Let us, if it please, consult the very city of Ariminum, where this business of fraud was transacted, or rather concocted.
Whether it has a bishop of that same sect, I do not know: for concerning Milan I will assert more freely, where Auxentius, like a cunning craftsman, poured out the poisons of his sect: whose dogma his successor Ambrose, filled with the Holy Spirit, so destroyed that after his death his name was erased from the memory of the living in that very city; and his name is held as a kind of contagion. Through this Ambrose the faith of Gratian, then Augustus, was strengthened, and the increases among bishops and peoples grew more and more. For almighty God, who through all the Scriptures promised increases to His Church, could not desert His promise and let falsehood grow. Let this be said concerning all heresies. 4.
But in what follows, with the help of God — who both instructs the heart and governs the tongue — concerning the one God, and concerning the power, and the invisibility, or the equality of the Son with the Father, and the deity of the Holy Spirit — which Trinity, however unwilling they may be, is nevertheless one God — such testimonies will be set down that, if they have not loved the shadows of contention, they must needs see the light of the truth. And lest it move anyone that we have said the increases of the Church were promised through all the Scriptures — and if they claim that these were granted through this oppression — let them know it is written in Jeremiah: The partridge cries out, she gathers what she did not bear, she makes her riches, but not with judgment (Jer. 17:11).
And this is a most certain proof that the Catholic faith has never grown except through tribulations and persecutions: so that what was said may be fulfilled: Through many tribulations and hardships must we enter the kingdom of God (Acts 14:22). And the increases of that faith are attested by the exiles of the innocent, and the proscriptions of the wretched, and the torments and oppression of captives. But I see certain gainsayers in labor, and objecting to us the persecutions of the Donatists, whose fury did violence to the laws, and by the laws they suffered these things. For if the Catholic mother received any of them into her pious bosom, it was without any injury of baptism, without any loss of burden, without any contumely to the Holy Spirit:
so that those who were converted by their own will grieved that charity had long been hidden from them. Catholic testimonies concerning the one God. 5. The first word of God: Hear, O Israel, the Lord your God, the Lord is one (Deut. 6:4). In Deuteronomy: The Lord alone led them, and there was no strange god with them (Deut. 32:12). Likewise there: See, see that I am God, and there is no other besides Me (ibid., 39). In Exodus likewise: You shall have no other gods besides Me (Exod. 20:3). Likewise: He who sacrifices to other gods besides Me shall be uprooted (ibid., 5). Likewise: You shall adore the Lord your God, and Him alone shall you serve (Deut. 6:13). Likewise: For neither is there any other God, in heaven or on earth, who is able to do Your works, or to be compared to Your greatness (Deut.
3:24). In the prophet Hosea: You shall know no God besides Me, and there is no savior besides Me (Hos. 13:4). In Isaiah: I am God, and there is no savior besides Me: I have announced, and I have saved, and there was no stranger among you (Isa. 43:11-12). The same above: Thus says the Lord who made heaven; this God who stretched out the earth and made it: He did not make it in vain, but that it might be inhabited. I am, I am, and there is no other. I am God, and there is no other (Isa. 45:18). By Myself I swear, unless justice go forth from My mouth, My words shall not return: for to Me shall every knee bow, and every tongue shall swear by God (ibid., 22-24).
The same above: From of old we have not heard, neither have our eyes seen a God besides You (Isa. 64:4); and: Before Me there was no God, and after Me there shall be no other (Isa. 43:10). I am God, the first, and I am in the things that come to pass (Isa. 44:6). In the body of the Psalms: Who is God besides our Lord (Ps. 18:31)? Likewise: For who is a great God like our God? You are the God who does wonders alone (Ps. 77:13-14). Likewise: Let the nations know that Your name is the Lord: You alone are the Most High over all the earth (Ps. 83:18). This applies rather to the Son. In the books of Kings, Hezekiah against Sennacherib: O Lord God of Israel, You are the only God of all the kingdoms of the earth (2 Kings 19:15).
The same above: O Lord our God, save us from their hand: that all the kingdoms of the earth may know that You are the Lord alone (ibid., 19). Solomon in prayer spread out his hands to heaven, and said: O Lord God of Israel, there is no God like You, neither in heaven above, nor on earth beneath (1 Kings 8:23). And although two or three testimonies concerning the one God would suffice, let those nevertheless hear who introduce to us two gods. For they confess God the Father, and God the Son: this indeed is true; but he who does not honor the Son as he honors the Father is impious. For if sacrifice or honor is owed to the Father, this is owed also to the Son.
But when you assert the Father to be greater, the Son lesser, you introduce two gods: in both respects sacrilegious, both by not hearing, The Lord your God is one God (Deut. 6:4), and by not honoring the Son as you honor the Father. The Son interposed no degrees. Ask what honor is due to the Father. You strive toward the contumely of both — of the Father, because His Son is not heard, of whom the Father says, Hear Him (Matt. 17:5), and of the Son, whom you dare to despise in His own precept. But now let other testimonies concerning the equality of the Father and the Son be set forth. Testimonies concerning the equality of the Father and the Son. 6.
In the Apocalypse: And He had written on His garment, and on His thigh: King of kings, and Lord of lords (Rev. 19:16; 1 Tim. 6:15). If the Apostle says this of the Father, here it is manifestly said of the Son. The same above: Blessed and holy is he who has part in the first resurrection. Over them the second death has no power: but they shall be priests of God and of His Christ, and shall reign with Him (Rev. 20:6). The same above: I am the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end. To him who thirsts I will give of the fountain of the water of life freely. He who overcomes shall possess these things, and I will be his God, and he shall be My son (Rev. 21:6-7). The same above: And I saw no temple in it. For the Lord God almighty is its temple, and the Lamb (ibid., 22).
No difference. The same above: And He showed me the shining river of the water of life, proceeding from the throne of God and of the Lamb (Rev. 22:1). One throne, not two. The same above: The throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it, and they shall serve Him (ibid., 3). In the Epistle of John: Everyone who does not abide in the doctrine of Christ has not God. He who abides in the doctrine has both the Son and the Father (2 John 9). The Son first. In the Epistle of Jude: Denying our Ruler and God, Jesus Christ (Jude 4). Both God and Lord. In the Apocalypse: They say to the mountains and rocks, Hide us from the face of Him who sits on the throne, and from the wrath of the Lamb: for the great day of their wrath is come, and who shall be able to stand (Rev. 6:16-17)? One, or equal, judgment.
The same above: Salvation to our God and to the Lamb (Rev. 7:10). The same above: The kingdom of this world has become our Lord God's and His Christ's, and He shall reign forever and ever (Rev. 11:15). 'He shall reign,' not 'They shall reign.' The same above: And I heard a great voice as it were from heaven saying, Now is come salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of His Christ (Rev. 12:10). No division. The same above: And I looked, and behold, the Lamb stood upon Mount Sion, and with Him a hundred and forty-four thousand, having His name and the name of His Father written on their foreheads (Rev. 14:1). Does it prejudice anything that the Son was named first, where there is one power?
The same above: These were bought from among men, the firstfruits to God and to the Lamb (ibid., 4). The same above: These shall fight with the Lamb, and the Lamb shall overcome them: for He is the Lord of lords, and King of kings (Rev. 17:14). What more does the Father have? Let it be said. To the Hebrews: For God, in making promise to Abraham, because He had no one greater by whom to swear, swore by Himself, saying (Heb. 6:13). If it is taken of the Father, He will be visible; if of the Son, none will be greater than He. The Father in the Gospel: That all may honor the Son, as they honor the Father (John 5:23). And in that He has one who sent Him, this sending is not from place to place. For the sun too sends forth its rays, and is not separated from itself.
Likewise: As the Father raises the dead and gives them life, so also the Son gives life to whom He will (ibid., 21). Behold the Son, 'to whom He will'; behold the Spirit, 'where He will.' The Son says to Philip: He who sees Me sees also the Father (John 14:9). And again: Do you not believe that I am in the Father, and the Father is in Me (John 14:11)? Behold the equality of the Father and the Son. Likewise: Father, glorify Your Son, that Your Son also may glorify You (John 17:1). Equal power. But these things concerning the equality of the Son with the Father suffice. Testimonies concerning the deity of the Son. 1. In Job: Who alone stretches out the heavens, and walks upon the sea as upon dry land (Job 9:8). In Jeremiah: This is our God, and no other shall be accounted besides Him;
He who found out all the way of wisdom, and gave it to Jacob his servant, and to Israel his beloved. Afterward he was seen upon the earth, and conversed with men (Baruch 3:36-38). Do we, because the person of the Son is here set forth, when it says, 'Because there shall no other be counted beside him,' therefore separate the Father from the Godhead? In Isaiah: 'Egypt is wearied, and the traffic of Ethiopia. Many shall come to thee, and shall be thy servants; and they shall walk after thee bound with fetters; and they shall adore thee and make supplication to thee: for God is in thee, and thou art God alone, and we knew it not: the God of Israel, our Saviour' (Isa. 45:14-15).
In this most clear testimony not only the Godhead of the Son, but also his supreme equality with the Father is shown. For what it says, 'God is in thee, and thou art God,' this is said in the Gospel: 'I am in the Father, and the Father in me' (John 14:11). To the Romans: 'Whose are the fathers, and of whom is Christ, who is over all things God blessed for ever' (Rom. 9:5). The proper Godhead of the Son. Second to the Corinthians: 'Who is the image of the invisible God' (2 Cor. 4:4). If the image, then the truth. In the same place: 'God was in Christ, reconciling the world to himself' (2 Cor. 5:19). If God, then wholly, not in part. To the Ephesians: 'To preach the unsearchable riches of Christ' (Eph. 3:8). Is it of Christ alone, and not of the Father? To the Colossians:
Because in him it pleased that all the fulness of the Godhead should dwell bodily (Col. 2:9). Here note that it says both 'all the fulness' and 'the Godhead': where there is nothing that could be added. In the same place: 'That God might make known the riches of his mystery among the Gentiles: which is Christ' (Col. 1:27). Behold, the riches of God are Christ. In the same place: 'That they may come to the acknowledgement of the mystery of God, which is Christ: in whom are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge' (Col. 2:2-3). The whole fulness. To the Philippians: 'Who being established in the form of God' (Phil. 2:6). Dost thou hear 'form,' and deniest him to be equal? In the same place: 'And may God himself the Father, and our Lord Jesus Christ, direct our way unto you' (1 Thess.
m, 11). Ecceambodirigunt: parpotestas. AdTimotheumprima: Utservesmandatumirreprehensibile, usqueadadventumDomininostriJesuChristi, quemsuistemporibusostendetbeatus, etsoluspotens (ITim. v, 14), etc. Nunquidquiadixit, Soluspotens, excluditurPaterapotentia? AdTitum : IlluxitautemomnibushominibusgratiaDei, etSalvatorisnostriJesuChristi (Tit. u, 11). Ubisupra (v. 13) : ExspectantesbeatamspemetadventumgloriæmagniDeietSalvatorisnostriJesuChristi. SimagnusDeusFilius, nihilhabetminus. Ubisupra : CumautembenignitasethumanitasilluxitSalvatorisnostriJesuChristi (Tit. III, 4). Hicnechumanitatemtacuit, necdivinitatem.
3:11). Behold, both direct: equal power. First to Timothy: 'That thou keep the commandment without spot, until the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, whom in his times he shall show who is the blessed and only mighty one' (1 Tim. 6:14-15), and so forth. Is the Father, because it says 'the only mighty one,' excluded from power? To Titus: 'For the grace of God our Saviour hath appeared to all men' (Tit. 2:11). In the same place (v. 13): 'Looking for the blessed hope and coming of the glory of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ.' If the Son is the great God, he has nothing less. In the same place: 'But when the goodness and kindness of our Saviour Jesus Christ appeared' (Tit. 3:4). Here he was silent neither about his humanity nor about his divinity.
John to the Parthians: 'That we may believe in his true Son Jesus Christ. This is the true God, and life eternal' (1 John 5:20). In this testimony, whoever denies to the Son the perfection of God is Antichrist. Second of Peter: 'For so shall be ministered to you abundantly an entrance into the everlasting kingdom of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ' (2 Pet. 1:11). And although these few testimonies concerning the Godhead of the Son are, as it were, but a drop lifted from the great sea of the Scriptures themselves: since all Scripture bears witness both to his Godhead and also to the humanity which he took on for our sake, as he himself says in the Gospel according to John: 'Search the Scriptures, for you think in them to have life eternal:
and they are they which bear witness of me' (John 5:39). He did not say 'of us,' lest he should introduce two gods. In Luke Jesus said to them: 'These are the words which I spoke unto you while I was yet with you: that all things must be fulfilled which are written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, and in the Psalms, concerning me' (Luke 24:44). Does he exclude the Father from the testimony of the Scriptures, because here too he says 'concerning me'? Concerning the omnipotence of the Son, in Solomon: 'Thy almighty word, O Lord, from heaven, from thy royal throne, came down' (Wisd. 18:15). In Zechariah: 'O, flee ye from the land of the north, saith the Lord: for I have scattered you as the four winds of heaven. Escape to Sion, ye who dwell in the daughter of Babylon.'
For thus saith the Lord almighty: 'After the glory he hath sent me to the nations which spoiled you. For he that toucheth you, toucheth the apple of his eye. For behold, I will bring my hand upon them, and they shall be a prey to those who served them; and ye shall know that the Lord almighty hath sent me' (Zech. 2:8 and following). Above, the almighty speaks; below, the almighty sends: are there then two almighties? Amos the prophet: 'The Lord who toucheth the earth and it shall melt, and all that dwell therein shall mourn; and it shall rise up like the river of Egypt, who buildeth his ascension in heaven, and establisheth his remission upon the earth: who calleth the waters of the sea, and poureth them out upon the face of the earth:
the Lord almighty is his name' (Amos 9:5-6). Do not all these things clearly belong to the Son? who in descending touched the earth, moved it by his passion, and from the earth ascended into heaven, and upon the earth descended from heaven, as he himself promised in the Apocalypse (ch. 3:14): 'These things saith he who is the faithful witness, the beginning of God's creation: Who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Lord almighty' (Rev. 1:8). It moves one, because it says, 'The beginning of God's creation'; let it move one, because it is said, 'The Lord almighty': so that this pertains to his Godhead; that other, that he was born of the Virgin Mary. Testimonies concerning the Trinity. 8. In the Gospel: 'Go, baptize the nations in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit' (Matt. 28:19).
In the name, not in the names. Again: 'The kingdom of heaven is like unto a woman who hid leaven in three measures of meal, till the whole was leavened' (Matt. 13:33). Here the woman is set for the Church, which with equal weights hides the faith of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit in the hearts of believers. In the Apocalypse: 'Holy, holy, holy, the Lord God of hosts' (Rev. 4:8). Three times I hear 'holy,' and one Lord God. In the same place: 'And the angel said to me: These words of God are true. And I fell before his feet to adore him; and he said to me: See thou do it not; I am thy fellow-servant, and of thy brethren who have the testimony of Jesus, and of the spirit of prophecy' (Rev. 19:9-10).
What could be clearer than light to show forth the Trinity, than the true words of the Father, the testimony of the Son, the gift of prophecy of the Holy Spirit? In the Psalms: 'With thee is the fountain of life, and in thy light we shall see light' (Ps. 35:10). With God the Father is the fountain of life, Christ; and because there is light in him, the Holy Spirit is seen as the illuminator: for whoever has not the Spirit of Christ, he is none of his (Rom. 8:9). In Psalm 66:8: 'May God, our God, bless us; may God bless us, and let all the ends of the earth fear him.' Three times I hear 'God,' and it proclaims one to be feared. In the Epistle of John: 'There are three in heaven who bear witness, the Father, the Word, and the Spirit: and these three are one' (1 John 5:7).
What shall I say of the patriarch Abraham? who, when he saw the appearance of three men, recognized in them one God, when he says: 'Lord Master' (Gen. 18:3). By bodily ministry he renders to the three the office of hospitality; yet from one he received the benefit of offspring, when it was said to him: 'At this time I will come, and Sarah shall have a son' (v. 10). He did not say 'we will come,' but 'I will come': lest he should seem to introduce a people of gods. For that you may know the Trinity to dwell together, and together to turn away impurity, hear what the Lord says in the Gospel: 'He that loveth me shall be loved by my Father, and I will love him' (John 14:21); and, 'We will come, I and my Father, and will make our abode with him' (v. 23).
Behold, the Father and the Son dwell in one abode. What of the Holy Spirit? Hear the Apostle saying: 'You are the temple of God, and the Spirit of God dwelleth in you' (1 Cor. 3:16). It has been shown that the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit dwell together; let it be shown that the same Trinity together turns away impurity. In Solomon you have: 'But perverse thoughts separate from God': this concerning the Father. 'For wisdom will not enter into a malicious soul': this concerning the Son. 'For the holy spirit of discipline will flee from the deceitful, and will withdraw himself from thoughts that are without understanding' (Wisd. 1:3-5): this concerning the Holy Spirit.
But that you may gather, for a summary of understanding, the meaning of Scripture speaking with one voice concerning the nature of the Trinity, in Exodus you likewise have: 'I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob' (Exod. 3:6). In the Psalm: 'The Lord liveth, and blessed be my God, and let the God of my salvation be exalted' (Ps. 17:47). Paul: 'The same Spirit, the same Lord, the same God' (1 Cor. 12:4-6). Does it offend the catholic sense that the Spirit is named first? Again, if you seek the Lord as naming the Trinity itself, hear: 'Bring to the Lord glory and honour, bring to the Lord glory to his name' (Ps. 28:2). Because the King is the Trinity itself: 'Lift up your gates, ye princes, and be ye lifted up, ye everlasting gates, and the King of glory shall enter in.'
Who is this King of glory? The Lord of hosts, he is the King of glory (Ps. 23:9-10). The testimony is given: God is repeated three times, the Lord is three times called King. Neither gods, nor lords, nor kings are made distinct, because they are distinguished into three names and persons: for there is one Godhead, one lordship, one royal empire. Whoever, out of zeal for winning wickedly, contradicts this truth, I do not say he shall be damned, but he is already damned. Testimonies concerning the Holy Spirit, that he is God. 9. In the beginning of the book of Genesis: 'And the Spirit of God moved over the waters' (Gen. 1:2): he who was to sanctify the waters as a figure of baptism, not one who rested from weariness. In Job:
'The divine Spirit is he that made me, and the Spirit of the Almighty that teacheth me' (Job 33:4). Perfection in divinity. In the Gospel: 'God is a Spirit, and they that adore him must adore in spirit and in truth' (John 4:24). Again: 'For God giveth not the Spirit by measure' (John 3:34). Behold, the Spirit is immense. To Nicodemus: 'For the Spirit breatheth where he will, and thou hearest his voice, but knowest not whence he cometh or whither he goeth' (John 3:8). When thou hearest 'where he will,' it is a proper power. Christ concerning himself: 'The Spirit of the Lord is upon me' (Luke 4:18). Unless a devout understanding recall these sayings, the Spirit will be greater than the Son. Again: 'Jesus, being full of the Holy Spirit, returned from the Jordan' (Luke 4:1).