Chronicle 1

Of the Romans, the thirty-ninth, THEODOSIUS, taken by Gratian into a share of the kingdom, reigns together with him and with the younger Valentinian for seventeen years. I. Theodosius, a Spaniard by nation, from the province of Gallaecia, of the city of Cauca, is named Augustus by Gratian. Many conflicts are joined between the Romans and the Goths. II. Theodosius enters Constantinople in his first consulship, which he held with Gratian Augustus. At Alexandria the twenty-first bishop is Theophilus, a most learned man, distinguished, who from the first consulship of Theodosius Augustus composed a Table arranged over a hundred years concerning the observance of Easter. III. (Olympiad.

290.) Athanaric, king of the Goths, died at Constantinople on the fifteenth day after he had been received by Theodosius. IV. (Spanish Era 490.) The Goths surrender themselves to the Romans in a treacherous peace. Ambrose in Italy, bishop of Milan, and Martin in Gaul, bishop of Tours, are held distinguished both for the merits of their lives and for the miracles of powers they have wrought. V. Theodosius, naming his son Arcadius Augustus, makes him to be a partner of his kingdom. VI. (Eusebius 4400.) Honorius is born, the son of Theodosius. Envoys of the Persians come to Theodosius at Constantinople. VII. (Olympiad 291.) The nation of the Greuthungi is overcome by Theodosius.

Priscillian, falling away into the heresy of the Gnostics, is ordained bishop of Ávila through the bishops whom he had gathered to himself in the same depravity; having been heard in several councils of bishops, he sets out for Italy and Rome. There, not even being received into the sight of the holy bishops Damasus and Ambrose, he returns to Gaul with those with whom he had gone. There likewise, being judged a heretic by the holy bishop Martin and by other bishops, he appeals to Caesar, because in those days the tyrant Maximus held the power of empire in Gaul. VIII. The fifth-year celebrations of Arcadius are observed. The thirty-sixth bishop of the Roman Church is SIRICIUS. IX.

Priscillian, on account of the aforesaid heresy, is driven from the episcopate, and together with him the layman Latronianus and some of his followers are put to the sword at Trier under the tyrant Maximus. Thereafter the heresy of the Priscillianists invaded Gallaecia. X. The tyrant Maximus is slain through Theodosius at the third milestone from Aquileia on the fifth day before the Kalends of August; and at the same time, or in that very year, in Gaul through the count Arbogast the son of Maximus, named Victor, was destroyed. Cynegius, prefect of Theodosius, is held illustrious, who, endowed with notable deeds and penetrating as far as Egypt, overthrew the images of the nations. XI. (Olympiad 292.) Theodosius, together with his son Honorius, entered Rome. XIV.

The younger Valentinian is slain at Vienne by the crime of the count Arbogast, and Eugenius is made tyrant. XV. (Olympiad 293. Spanish Era 430.) XVI. (Eusebius 4410.) Eugenius, overcome by Theodosius Augustus, is slain. XVII. Theodosius died at Milan from the malady of dropsy, in the seventeenth year of his reign. And this year, which is the seventeenth of Theodosius, is the very first of Arcadius and Honorius at the beginning of their reign; this is indicated for the reason that the addition may not disturb the olympiad of five years, inserted in this place only on account of the principle of the reigns. Of the Romans, the fortieth, ARCADIUS and HONORIUS, the sons of Theodosius, reign for thirty years after their father's death. II. (Olympiad 294.) III.

[The thirty-seventh bishop of the Roman Church is ANASTASIUS.] V. In the province of Carthaginiensis, in the city of Toledo, a synod of bishops is convened, in which, as is contained in its acts, Symphosius and Dictinius, and others with them, bishops of the province of Gallaecia, followers of Priscillian, condemn his most blasphemous heresy together with its champion, by the subscription of their own profession. Certain things also are decreed to be observed concerning the discipline of the Church, while in that same council there communicated bishop Ortygius, who had been ordained at Celenae, but, by the contrivance of the Priscillianists, was driven out and lived in exile by factions on behalf of the catholic faith. VI. (Olympiad 295.) VIII. An eclipse of the sun occurred on the third day before the Ides of November, on the second day of the week. The thirty-eighth of the Roman Church [Ms.

thirty-seventh] bishop is INNOCENTIUS. IX. (Eusebius 4420.) Theodosius, son of Arcadius, is born. X. (Olympiad 296.) At Constantinople John is proclaimed distinguished as a bishop, who for the catholic faith suffers Eudoxia, the most hostile, Arian wife of Arcadius. XII. At Jerusalem John, at Caesarea Eulogius, in Cyprus Epiphanius, at Alexandria Theophilus (he mentioned above)—these bishops are held distinguished. Jerome, endowed with the office of presbyter, dwelling in Bethlehem near Judah, is held preeminent in all things. XIII. As for the truly Arian bishops mentioned above who were at Jerusalem before John, Idatius, who writes these things, was unable to know them.

But this holy man, together with the holy Eulogius, Theophilus, and Jerome, he saw, both as a little child and as an orphan. XV. The Alans, Vandals, and Sueves entered the Spains in the Era 447; some record the day as the fourth before the Kalends, others as the third before the Ides of October, on the third day of the week, in the consulship of Honorius for the eighth time and of Theodosius, son of Arcadius, for the third. Alaric, king of the Goths, having entered Rome, while slaughters were carried out both within and outside the city, pardon was granted to all who took refuge at the thresholds of the saints. Placidia, daughter of Theodosius and sister of the emperor Honorius, was taken captive by the Goths in the city. Alaric dies, whom Ataulf succeeds in the kingdom. The barbarians who had entered the Spains plunder them with hostile slaughter. The pestilence works its own part no less vigorously. XVI.

While the barbarians raged through the Spains, and the evil of pestilence raged no less, the tyrannical tax-collector seizes the wealth and the substance stored up in the cities, and the soldiery drains it dry: a dreadful famine stalks abroad, to such a degree that human flesh was devoured by the human race through the force of hunger; mothers too fed upon the bodies of their own children, slain or cooked by their own hands. Wild beasts, accustomed to the corpses of those slain by the sword, by famine, by pestilence, kill off whatever of mankind is stronger, and, fed upon their flesh, run wild everywhere unto the destruction of the human race. And thus, with the four plagues of sword, famine, pestilence, and wild beasts raging everywhere throughout the whole world, the announcements foretold by the Lord through His prophets are fulfilled. XVII.

The provinces of the Spains having been laid waste by the aforesaid onslaught of plagues, the barbarians, turned to making peace by the Lord's mercy, divide the regions of the provinces among themselves by lot for their habitation. The Vandals and Sueves occupy Gallaecia, situated at the western extremity of the Ocean sea. The Alans take by lot the provinces of Lusitania and Carthaginiensis, and the Vandals surnamed Silingi take Baetica. The Spaniards remaining after the plagues throughout the cities and fortresses subject themselves to the servitude of the barbarians ruling throughout the provinces. Constantine, after three years of his usurped tyranny, is slain within Gaul by Constantius, general of Honorius. XVIII. (Olympiad 293.) Jovinus and Sebastianus, brothers, within Gaul, and in Africa Heraclianus, are puffed up with an equal madness of tyranny.

Augustine, bishop of Hippo Regius, is held distinguished, among whose magnificent labors the approved faith of authors demonstrates the Donatists to have been overcome by him with God's aid. XIX. (Eusebius 4430.) Jovinus and Sebastianus, crushed by the generals of Honorius, were slain at Narbonne. The Goths entered Narbonne at the time of the vintage. Heraclianus, moving his army from Africa against Honorius, was overcome in conflict at Otriculum in Italy and fled into Africa, fifty thousand armed men having been slain at the aforesaid place. He himself was afterward struck down at Carthage, in the temple of Memoria, by assassins sent by Honorius. XX.

Ataulf took Placidia to wife at Narbonne, in which the prophecy of Daniel is thought to be fulfilled, who says that the daughter of the king of the South should be joined to the king of the North, no offspring of his by her, however, surviving. XXI. At Jerusalem, with the bishop John aforesaid presiding, Stephen, holy and the first martyr after the Lord Christ, is revealed. Jerome, who above is preeminent in all things, also most skilled in the elements of the Hebrews, continuous in the law of the Lord, in which it is written, by meditation day and night, left behind innumerable labors of his work. Finally, with the adamantine hammer of truth, he ground to pieces the sect of the Pelagians, together with its very author.

Against these and against other heretics his most approved monuments remain. XXII. (Olympiad 299.) Ataulf, driven by the patrician Constantius to leave Narbonne and to seek the Spains, is murdered through a certain Goth at Barcelona amid familiar conversations. Wallia, succeeding him in the kingdom, peace being soon made with the patrician Constantius, opposes the Alans and the Vandal Silingi settled in Lusitania and Baetica. As for who presided over the Church of Alexandria after Theophilus, I did not know when writing these things. Constantius received Placidia to wife. (He sends Fredibalus, king of the Vandal nation, captured ingeniously without any battle, to the emperor Honorius.) XXIII.

Wallia, king of the Goths, for the cause of the Roman name, brings about great slaughters of barbarians within the Spains. XXIV. An eclipse of the sun occurred on the fourteenth day before the Kalends of August, which was the fifth day of the week. The thirty-ninth bishop ZOSIMUS [Ms., Eulalius] presides over the Roman Church. While the aforesaid bishop continued, by a most severe earthquake the holy places at Jerusalem are shaken, and the rest, concerning which the writings in the acts of that same bishop declare. The Vandal Silingi in Baetica were all destroyed by King Wallia.

The Alans, who held sway over the Vandals and Sueves, were so cut down by the Goths that, with their king Addac slain, the few who survived, the name of kingship abolished, subjected themselves to the patronage of Gunderic, king of the Vandals, who had settled in Gallaecia. The Goths, the conflict in which they were engaged having been interrupted, recalled through Constantius to Gaul, received settlements in Aquitania from Toulouse as far as the Ocean. Wallia, their king, having died, Theodoric succeeds in the kingdom. XXV. A conflict having arisen between Gunderic, king of the Vandals, and Hermeric, king of the Sueves, the Sueves are besieged in the Nervasian mountains by the Vandals. Valentinian, son of Constantius and Placidia, is born.

In the Gallican region, in the city of Béziers, many terrifying signs were wrought, as the letter of Paulinus, bishop of that same city, sent everywhere, relates. XXVI. (Olympiad 300.) The Vandals, having abandoned the siege of the Sueves, at the urging of Asterius, count of the Spains, under the deputy Maurocellus—some being killed at Bracara as they departed—left Gallaecia and crossed over to Baetica. [The fortieth bishop BONIFACIUS presides over the Roman Church.] Honorius at Ravenna makes Constantius his partner in the kingdom. XXVII. Constantius, emperor at Ravenna, dies in his third consulship. XXVIII. Castinus, master of the soldiery, with a great force and the auxiliaries of the Goths, makes war in Baetica against the Vandals:

and when he was pressing them to extremity by the force of the siege, to such a point that they were already preparing to surrender, joining in a public engagement unadvisedly, and deceived by the treachery of the auxiliaries, he fled defeated to Tarragona. Boniface, deserting the palace, invades Africa. XXX. (Olympiad 301.) Honorius, having celebrated his thirtieth-year festivities, died at Ravenna. Paulinus, most noble and most eloquent, long since made more noble by his conversion to God, an apostolic man, is held distinguished as bishop of Nola in Campania; to whom Therasia, made a sister out of a wife, is equaled by the testimony of a blessed life and by merit. The renowned labors of his work remain, worthy to be proclaimed.

Of the Romans, the forty-first, THEODOSIUS, son of Arcadius, reigning some years before in the parts of the East, after his father's death and after the death of his uncle Honorius, holds the monarchy of the empire, being twenty-six years of age. John seizes the tyranny. I. Theodosius makes Valentinian, the son of his aunt Placidia, Caesar at Constantinople, and sends him against John; under whom, by the generals who had been sent with him by Theodosius, John is slain at Ravenna in the first year of his usurped tyranny, and Felix is ordained patrician from being master of the soldiery [Ms., and master of the soldiery]. Valentinian, who was Caesar, is named Augustus at Rome. The Vandals plunder the Balearic islands:

then, Carthago Spartaria and Hispalis having been destroyed and the Spains plundered, they invade Mauretania. II. The forty-first bishop COELESTINUS [Ms. XL] presides over the Roman Church. IV. (Olympiad 302.) Gunderic, king of the Vandals, having captured Hispalis, when, impiously puffed up, he had stretched out his hands against the church of that very city, was forthwith, by the judgment of God, seized by a demon and perished. His brother Gaiseric succeeds him in the kingdom; who, as the report of some has it, having become an apostate from the catholic faith, is said to have crossed over into the Arian perfidy. V. Gaiseric, king, from the coast of the province of Baetica, with all the Vandals and their families, crosses over in the month of May to Mauretania and Africa, the Spains being left behind.

He who, before he crossed over, being informed that Hermigarius the Sueve was plundering the neighboring provinces in his passage, having made a march back with some of his men, pursues him as he was plundering in Lusitania. He, not far from Emerita—which he had spurned with insult to the holy martyr Eulalia, many of his men having been slain by Gaiseric—out of those whom he had with him, having snatched up, as he supposed, a faster aid for flight than the East Wind, was, by the divine arm, hurled headlong into the river Ana and perished. He being thus destroyed, Gaiseric soon sailed away whither he had begun. IV.

The Sueves under King Hermeric, plundering the central parts of Gallaecia, through the people who held the more secure fortresses—part of their own being slain, part taken captive—restore the peace which they had broken by the giving back of the families that were being held. Through the count Aetius, not far from Arles, a certain band of Goths is destroyed, Anaolfus, their nobleman, being captured. The Juthungi are likewise subdued by him, and the Norici. Felix, who was called Patrician, is slain at Ravenna in a military tumult. VII. Aetius, general of both branches of the soldiery, tames the rebelling Norici. Again the Sueves, seizing an opportunity afforded them, throw into confusion the peace they had entered with the Gallaecians.

On account of their plundering, bishop Idatius undertakes an embassy to the general Aetius, who was conducting a campaign in Gaul. Vetto, who had come craftily from the Goths to Gallaecia, returns to the Goths without any effect. VIII. (Olympiad 303.) The Franks having been overcome by Aetius in battle and received into peace, the count Censorius is sent as legate to the Sueves, the aforesaid Idatius returning with him. Boniface, called from Africa through Placidia into Italy in rivalry with Aetius, returns to the palace. He, having driven out Aetius and succeeded in his place, a few months later, having entered into a conflict against Aetius, died of a wound by which he had been struck. His son-in-law Sebastianus, substituted in his place, is overcome by Aetius and driven from the palace. IX. (Eusebius

4450.) Censorius having returned to the palace, Hermeric, by episcopal intervention, restores peace with the Gallaecians whom he was continually plundering, hostages being given to him. Bishop Symphosius, sent through him as legate to the court, is frustrated, his affairs being snatched away to no purpose. In the council of Lugo, against the will of Agrestius, bishop of Lugo, Pastor and Syagrius are ordained bishops. Aetius, general of both branches of the soldiery, is named Patrician. X. Sebastianus, made an exile and a fugitive, sails to the palace of the East. The forty-second bishop of the Roman Church is XYSTUS [Ms. XLI]. XI.

That Juvenal presides as bishop at Jerusalem, we learned from the account of Germanus, a presbyter of the Arabian region coming thence to Gallaecia, and of other Greeks, who add that he was summoned to Constantinople with others, both bishops of the province of Palestine and of the East, and, in the presence of Theodosius Augustus, took part in a council of bishops convened to destroy the heresy of the Ebionites, which Nestorius [Ms., Atticus], bishop of that same city, was reviving by the depraved cleverness of a most foolish sect. But at what time the holy John, Jerome, and the others whom we have mentioned above died, or who succeeded John before Juvenal, just as it has become known that a certain elder did so in the interval, the report of those relating it did not set forth. XII.

(Olympiad 304.) Narbonne began to be besieged by the Goths. The Burgundians who had rebelled are subdued by the Romans under the general Aetius. That at one and the same time Cyril presides as bishop at Alexandria, and at Constantinople Nestorius the Ebionite heretic, is shown by Cyril's own letter to him, both destroying the heresy and setting forth the rule of faith. These things, along with others, are held to have been brought forward. XIII. Narbonne is freed from the siege under Aetius, general and master of the soldiery. Twenty thousand of the Burgundians were slain. Again Censorius and Fretimundus are sent as legates to the Sueves. XIV. Eight thousand of the Goths were slain under the general Aetius. The Sueves confirm the bonds of peace with the part of the people of Gallaecia to whom they were opposed.

King Hermeric, oppressed by sickness, substitutes his son Rechila in the kingdom; who in open warfare laid low Andevotus, with such force as he had, at the river Singilio of Baetica, his great riches of gold and silver being seized. XV. Carthage having been deceived by treachery, on the fourteenth day before the Kalends of November King Gaiseric invades all of Africa. In the Gothic war under King Theodoric at Toulouse, Litorius, the Roman general, rushing in too rashly with an auxiliary band of Huns, these being slain, is himself wounded and captured, and after a few days is put to death. Peace is made between the Romans and the Goths:

Gaiseric, impiously elated, drives the bishop and clergy of Carthage out of it, and, according to the prophecy of Daniel, the ministries of the saints being altered, hands over the catholic churches to the Arians. Rechila, king of the Sueves, enters Emerita. XVI. (Olympiad 305.) Gaiseric, having plundered Sicily, besieged Panormus for a long time; he, at the instigation of Maximinus, leader of the Arians in Sicily and condemned by the catholic bishops, is driven headlong against the catholics, so as to compel them by any means into the Arian impiety; while some turned aside, a certain number, enduring in the catholic faith, attained martyrdom. The count Censorius, who had been sent as legate to the Sueves, residing at Myrtilis, besieged by Rechila, surrendered himself under terms of peace. XVII.

Hermeric, king of the Sueves, afflicted for seven years by a lingering illness, dies. King Rechila, having taken Hispalis (Seville), brings the provinces of Baetica and Carthaginiensis under his power. [Leo presides over the Roman Church as its 43rd bishop.] When Sabinus, bishop of Hispalis, had been driven out by faction, Epiphanius is ordained in his place by fraud, not by right. Asturius, master of both branches of the military, sent to the Spains, slaughters a multitude of the Bacaudae of the Tarraconensis. 18. A comet's star begins to appear in the month of December; seen for several months, it sent forth a portent of the ensuing plague of pestilence which was spread over nearly the whole world. With Nestorius driven out, Flavian presides as bishop over the Church of Constantinople. 19. (Euseb.

4460.) Upon Asturius, master of both branches of the military, his own son-in-law Merobaudes is sent to succeed him, a man noble by birth and by the merit of his eloquence, in his zeal for poetry comparable to the ancients above all, advanced indeed by the testimony of statues. In the brief span of his power he breaks the insolence of the Aracellitan Bacaudae. Soon, the envy of certain men pressing hard upon him, he is recalled to the city of Rome by sacred decree. 20. (Olymp. 306.) Sebastianus, caught there in the place whither he had fled plotting hostile designs against himself, flees from Constantinople, being forewarned, and coming to Theodoric, king of the Goths, having been made an enemy, he enters Barcelona, which he had sought out for himself as best he could. 21.

In the city of Asturica in Gallaecia, certain Manichaeans, who had for several years previously lain hidden, are exposed by episcopal proceedings; these proceedings, drawn up by the bishops Idatius and Turibius who had heard them, were directed to Antoninus, bishop of Emerita. The Vandals, suddenly conveyed by ships to Turonium on the shore of Gallaecia, take captive the households of very many. Sebastianus, put to flight from Barcelona, migrates to the Vandals. Through the bishop then presiding at Rome the proceedings concerning the Manichaeans are dispatched throughout the provinces. 22.

Vitus, made master of both branches of the military and sent to the Spains, supported by the aid of no small force, when he was harassing the Carthaginienses and the Baetici, with the Sueves coming up there with their king, and even the Goths who had come to his support for the sake of plundering being overcome in the engagement, fled apart in wretched terror. From that point the Sueves overthrow those provinces with great plundering. 23. Leo presides over the Roman Church as its 43rd [Ms. 42nd] bishop: his writings against the Priscillianists are delivered to the Spanish bishops through Pervincus, deacon of bishop Turibius.

Among these things a full disputation is directed to bishop Turibius concerning the observance of the catholic faith and the blasphemies of the heresies, which is approved by certain Gallaecians with crafty judgement. An eclipse of the sun occurred on the ninth day before the Kalends of January, which was the third weekday (Tuesday). 24. (Olymp. 307.) Rechila, king of the Sueves, a heathen, dies at Emerita in the month of August: him his own son Rechiarius, a catholic, soon succeeds in the kingdom, though indeed with some rivals from his own people, but secretly; yet, having obtained the kingdom, without delay he invades the further regions for plunder. Antoninus, bishop of Emerita, arrests a certain Pascentius of the city of Rome, a Manichaean who had fled from Asturica, and, after a hearing, causes him to be expelled from the province of Lusitania.

Censorius is slain at Hispalis through Agiulf. 25. Rechiarius, having received in marriage the daughter of king Theodoric, inaugurating the beginning of his reign, plunders the Vasconias (Basque lands) in the month of February. Basilius, on account of the renown of his outstanding daring, having gathered together the Bacaudae, slays the federates in the church of Tyriasso: where also Leo, bishop of that same church, died wounded in that place by the very men who were present with Basilius. Rechiarius, having set out in the month of July to Theodoric his father-in-law, plunders the region of Caesaraugusta with Basilius on his return. The city of Ilerda having been broken into by guile, a considerable captivity was carried off. 26. Asturius, an illustrious man, is advanced to the honour of the consulship.

Sebastianus, made an exile, took refuge with the power of Gaiseric, ruinous to himself, as the outcome afterward showed: a short time after he had come, he is ordered to be killed by him. From the Gauls letters are delivered, sent by bishop Flavian to bishop Leo, together with the writings of Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, to Nestorius of Constantinople concerning the Ebionite heretic Eutyches, and the replies of bishop Leo to the same, which are dispatched through the churches along with the proceedings and writings of other bishops. 27. The emperor Theodosius dies at Constantinople in the forty-eighth year of his age.

After him, immediately as 43rd at Constantinople, Marcian is made emperor by the soldiers and the army, at the urging of Theodosius's sister, the queen Pulcheria. Having taken her into marriage, he reigns in the parts of the East. 28. (Olymp. 308.) Placidia, mother of the emperor Valentinian, dies at Rome. In Gallaecia there are continual earthquakes, and very many signs are shown in the sky. For on the day before the Nones of April, on the third weekday (Tuesday), after sunset, from the region of the North the sky becomes red like fire or blood, with clearer lines intermixed through the fiery redness, shaped into the likeness of glowing spears: from the close of day until nearly the third hour of the night the showing of the sign endures, which soon is fully demonstrated by a vast slaughter.

The nation of the Huns, the peace being broken, plunders the provinces of the Gauls: very many cities are stormed; on the Catalaunian plains, not far from the city of Metz which they had stormed, joining battle in open warfare with the general Aetius and king Theodoric, with whom there was an alliance in peace, it is cut down and overcome by divine aid: the dead of night broke off the war. There king Theodoric, struck down, lay dead: nearly three hundred thousand men are recorded to have fallen in that contest. In that year many signs appear. On the fifth day before the Kalends of October, in the eastern quarter, the moon is darkened. In the days following Easter certain things are seen in the sky in the regions of the Gauls, which a letter concerning these things, written by Euphronius, bishop of Augustodunum (Autun), to the count Agrippinus, plainly shows. A comet star from the fourteenth day before the Kalends

of July begins to appear, which, seen on the third day before the Kalends at dawn from the East, is soon discerned after sunset in the western quarter. On the Kalends of August it appears in the western quarter. Theodoric having been slain, his son Thorismund succeeds in the kingdom. The Huns with their king Attila, having abandoned the Gauls after the battle, make for Italy. 29. (Euseb. 4461.) In the second year of the reign of the emperor Marcian, the Huns who were ravaging Italy, having also broken into a number of cities, are smitten by divine plagues from heaven, partly by famine, partly by a certain disease: they are also cut down by auxiliaries sent by the emperor Marcian under the general Aetius; and they are subdued alike in their own seats both by the plagues of heaven and by the army of Marcian:

and thus subdued, peace being made with the Romans, they all return to their own seats, to which their king Attila, soon returning, perished. To the Sueves, Mansuetus, count of the Spains, and likewise Fronto, a count, are sent as envoys for peace and obtain the conditions laid down. Thorismund, king of the Goths, breathing hostile designs, is slain by his brothers Theodoric and Frederic: whom Theodoric succeeds in the kingdom. 30. In the third year of the reign of the emperor Marcian, the queen Pulcheria dies in the month of July. Through Frederic, brother of king Theodoric, the Bacaudae of the Tarraconensis are cut down by Roman authority. In Gallaecia there is an earthquake, and in the sun a sign is shown at its rising, as if another sun were contending with it.

Aetius, general and patrician, fraudulently summoned alone within the palace, is killed by the hand of the emperor Valentinian himself. And along with him, certain men of rank, admitted one by one through his sword-bearer, are slain. These things done, Valentinian sends envoys to the nations, of whom Justinian came to the Sueves. 31. In the fourth year of the reign of the emperor Marcian, by two barbarians, intimates of Aetius, the emperor Valentinian is killed at Rome on the Field (of Mars), with the army standing around, in the thirty-sixth year of his age and the thirty-first of his reign. After him soon Maximus, of consular rank, is proclaimed 43rd Augustus at Rome:

who, when, having been made emperor, he had taken the widow of Valentinian to himself as wife, and had given the daughter of Valentinian in marriage to his own son Palladius (whom he had made Caesar) by a former wife, distorted by the disturbance of the great upheavals which he feared, and because, in the case of those slain by Valentinian and in the very death of Valentinian, he had contributed wicked counsels in his ambition for the throne, when he wished to abandon both the empire and Rome, scarcely four months of his reign being completed, is killed within the city itself by a tumult of the people and a military sedition. In that same year in the Gauls, Avitus, a Gallic citizen, proclaimed Augustus by the Gallic army and by the men of rank, first at Toulouse, then at Arelate (Arles), proceeds to Rome and is received.

Up to Valentinian the lineage of Theodosius held the principate. Of the Romans the 43rd, Marcian, now in the fourth year of his reign, holds the monarchy. 1. (Olymp. 309.) Through Avitus, who had been both called forth and received as emperor by the Romans, envoys are sent to Marcian for the unanimity of the empire. Gaiseric, instigated by the widow of Valentinian, as evil rumour scatters about, before Avitus became Augustus, enters Rome, and, the wealth of the Romans having been plundered, returns to Carthage, leading off with him the widow of Valentinian and her two daughters, and the son of Aetius, Gaudentius by name. The Sueves plunder the Carthaginian regions which they had restored to the Romans. Marcian and Avitus, in harmony, enjoy the principate of the Roman empire.

Through the Augustus Avitus, the count Fronto is sent as envoy to the Sueves. Likewise also from Theodoric, king of the Goths,—because he was faithful to the Roman empire,—envoys are sent to the same (Sueves), so that, both with him and with the Roman empire, since they were bound together by one bond of peace, they should keep the promises of the sworn treaty. The envoys of both parties having been dismissed and every principle of law violated, the Sueves invade the province of the Tarraconensis which was subject to the Roman empire.

Of the nation of the Heruls, several conveyed by seven ships landed on the shore of Lucus, about four hundred men lightly armed; by the sudden onset of a gathered multitude they are put to flight, with only two of their number slain, who, returning to their own seats, most cruelly plundered the coastal places of the Cantabriae and the Vardulliae. The envoys of the Goths come again to the Sueves: after whose arrival the king of the Sueves, Rechiarius, with a great multitude of his own, invades the regions of the province of the Tarraconensis, plundering being carried out there, and a great captivity being led off to Gallaecia. Soon Theodoric, king of the Goths, enters the Spains with his huge army, and with the will and ordination of the emperor Avitus.

Against him king Rechiarius, advancing to meet him with a multitude of the Sueves at the twelfth milestone from the city of Asturica, at the river named Urbicus, on the third day before the Nones of October, on the sixth weekday (Friday), is, battle being soon joined, overcome: his ranks being cut down, several taken captive, and very many put to flight, he himself, wounded, scarcely escapes as a fugitive to the furthest seats of Gallaecia. King Theodoric, pressing on with his army to Bracara, the furthest city of Gallaecia, on the fifth day before the Kalends of November, on the Lord's Day, although bloodless, there nevertheless takes place a quite mournful and lamentable sacking of that same city.

A great captivity of Roman captives is carried off, the basilicas of the saints broken into, the altars taken away and shattered, the virgins of God indeed led off thence, but their integrity preserved, the clergy stripped to the bareness of shame, persons of both sexes with little children, the whole people dragged away from the holy places of refuge, the sacred place filled with the horror of beasts of burden, cattle, and camels: thus what is written concerning Jerusalem recalled in part the examples of heavenly wrath. 2. Rechiarius, a fugitive at the place which is called Portucale, is brought as a captive to king Theodoric: he being consigned to custody, and the rest who had survived from the earlier contest surrendering themselves to the Sueves—several none the less being killed—the kingdom of the Sueves was destroyed and ended.

In those same days, through the circumvention of the count Rechimer, it is announced to king Theodoric that a great multitude of Vandals, who had moved from Carthage with sixty ships toward the Gauls or toward Italy, had been slain by Avitus. Hesychius the tribune, sent as an envoy to Theodoric with sacred gifts, comes to Gallaecia, announcing to him what is stated above, that a multitude of Vandals had been cut down in Corsica, and that Avitus had advanced from Italy to the Gauls at Arelate. He announces that the ships of the Easterners coming to Hispalis were cut down by the army of Marcian. Rechiarius having been slain in the month of December, king Theodoric advances from Gallaecia to Lusitania. In a part of the conventus of Bracara the plundering of brigands is perpetrated. Aiulf, deserting the Goths, settles in Gallaecia.

The Sueves who had remained in the furthest part of Gallaecia set up for themselves as king the son of Massilia, by name Maldras. Theodoric, wishing to plunder Emerita, is terrified by the portents of the blessed martyr Eulalia. 3. Avitus, in the third year after he had been made emperor by the Gauls and by the Goths, is deprived of his rule, abandoned by the promised aid of the Goths; he is deprived also of his life. In the parts of the East, in the seventh year of his reign, Marcian dies. Of the Romans the 44th, Majorian in Italy and Leo at Constantinople, are proclaimed Augusti. 1. Theodoric, terrified by tidings adverse to himself, soon after the days of Easter, which was on the fifth day before the Kalends

of April, departs from Emerita, and, making for the Gauls, directs part of the multitude of various nations which he had, with their own leaders, to the plains of Gallaecia: who, equipped with deceits and perjuries, just as had been commanded them, enter Asturica—which his own raiders had already entered under the appearance of a Roman commission—lying to the Sueves who had remained that an expedition had been ordered for them, with a feigned peace by the accustomed art of treachery. And without delay a multitude of mixed kind found there is cut down, the holy churches are broken into, the altars plundered and demolished, all the sacred adornment and use carried off. Two bishops found there are led away with all their clergy into captivity: a pitiable captivity of the weaker, of both sexes, is carried off;

and the remaining and empty houses of the city being given to the flames, the places of the countryside are laid waste. The city of Palentia perishes by a destruction like that of Asturica, through the Goths. One fort, the Coviacense, at the thirtieth milestone from Asturica, wearied by a long contest with the Goths, by the aid of God both resists the enemy and prevails: very many being killed from their hand, the rest return to the Gauls. Aiulf, while he breathes after the kingdom of the Sueves, dies at Portucale in the month of June. The Sueves, divided into factions, seek the peace of the Gallaecians: of whom one part names Frantanes, the other Maldras, as king. After the wonted manner of treachery, the part of the Sueves following Maldras plunders Lusitania:

slaughter of Romans being carried out there and plunder amassed, the city of Olisipo (Lisbon) is entered under the appearance of peace. Frantanes dies between Easter and Pentecost. At the command of Maldras, the Sueves, turned to their wonted treachery, plunder the region of Gallaecia adjoining the river Durius. On the fifth day before the Ides of June, on the fourth weekday (Wednesday), from the fourth hour into the sixth, the sun appeared diminished from the light of its orb, to the appearance of a fifth- or sixth-day moon. 2. (Olymp. 310.) A Gothic army, sent under its leader Cyrila by king Theodoric to the Spains, advances in the month of July to Baetica. Envoys of the Goths and of the Vandals come alike to the Sueves, and return. 3. Theodoric sends a considerable force of his army with his leader Suniericus to Baetica:

Cyrila is recalled to the Gauls. The Sueves none the less, part with Maldras plunder the regions of Lusitania, others with Rechimund plunder Gallaecia. The Heruls most cruelly invade several coastal places of the conventus of Lucus, making their way toward Baetica. Maldras kills his own full brother, and that same enemy seizes the fort of Portucale. Between the Sueves and the Gallaecians, several persons of honourable birth being killed, hostile evil is stirred up. Envoys sent by Nepotianus, master of the soldiery, and by the count Suniericus, come to the Gallaecians, announcing that the Augustus Majorian and king Theodoric had sanctioned between themselves most firm laws of peace, the Goths having been overcome in a certain contest. 4. (Euseb. 4480.) Maldras, at the end of the month of February, slain, perishes by a fitting destruction.

Through the Sueves dwelling at Lucus, on the days of Easter, several Romans, with their leader of honourable birth, are slain by a sudden onslaught, heedless of the reverence due to those days. In the month of May Majorian enters the Spains as emperor: as he presses on into the province of Carthaginiensis, several ships which he was preparing for himself for crossing against the Vandals are carried off from the Carthaginian shore by the Vandals, who had been forewarned through traitors. Majorian, thus frustrated of his plan, returns to Italy. A part of the Gothic army, directed by the counts Suniericus and Nepotianus to Gallaecia, plunders the Sueves at Lucus: which (army), through Dictinius [Ms.

plunders the Sueves dwelling at Lucus, which (army), through the informers Dictinius], Spinio, and Ascanius, who were scattering abroad the poisons of their own treachery for the sake of terror, is, after being reported, brought back to its own. And soon, through the same informers as above, Frumarius, urged on with the force of Sueves which he had, having seized bishop Idatius on the seventh day before the Kalends of August in the church of Aquae Flaviae, overthrows that same conventus with great ruin. Rechimund lays waste the places of the Auregenses near to himself, and likewise the coastal parts of the conventus of Lucus. Between Frumarius and Rechimund there arises a dissension concerning the power of the kingdom. A certain shadow of peace between the Gallaecians and the Sueves is woven together. From Theodoric envoys come to the Sueves and return.

Suniericus obtains the city of Scallabis, which had opposed him. The aforementioned Idatius, three months of captivity being completed, in the month of November, by the mercy of God's grace, contrary to the wish and arrangement of the aforesaid informers, returns to Flaviae. From king Theodoric the envoys of the treacherous nation return. Gaiseric the king requests peace from the emperor Majorian through envoys. 5. Majorian, returning from the Gauls to Rome and arranging the things necessary for the Roman empire or its name, Rechimer, stirred by envy and supported by the counsel of the envious, slays by fraud, having circumvented him. Of the Romans the 45th, Severus, is proclaimed Augustus by the senate at Rome in the fifth year of the reign of Leo. 6. 1. (Olymp. 311.) Suniericus returns to the Gauls.

Nepotianus, by the ordination of Theodoric, receives Arborius as his successor. In the province of Gallaecia diverse signs of prodigies are seen. In the year 500 (of the era), on the sixth day before the Nones of March, at cockcrow, from the setting of the sun the full moon is turned into blood. That same day was the sixth weekday (Friday). Antioch the greater of Isauria [Perhaps: of greater Syria], disobedient to wholesome admonitions, the earth gaping open, is engulfed,—only some of that city itself who, obeying, had followed the fear of the Lord, being delivered from the destruction,—with even the tops of towers alone standing forth above the earth. Gaiseric sends back the widow of Valentinian to Constantinople. Her daughters, the one to Genton, son of Gaiseric, the other to Olybrius, a senator of the city of Rome, are joined by right of matrimony.

Agrippinus, a Gaul, both count and citizen, an enemy to the count Aegidius, a distinguished man, in order that he might earn the auxiliaries of the Goths, handed over Narbonne to Theodoric. Against the count Aegidius, master of both branches of the military, a man (as report commends him) pleasing to God by his good works, in the Armorican province Fredericus, brother of king Theodoric, rising up, with those with whom he had been, is overcome and slain. Together with Palegorius, a noble man of Gallaecia, who had been envoy to the aforesaid king Cyrila, coming to Gallaecia, he meets the envoys of Rechimund going to the same king: who, returning in haste, receive Cyrila, who was returning, in the city of Lucus.

After whose soon departure from Gallaecia, the Sueves, ever false and treacherous in their promises, plunder, after their wont, various places of unhappy Gallaecia. Through Theodoric, Remismund and Cyrila with several Goths who had come earlier are sent back to the Sueves. Cyrila remaining in Gallaecia, and Remismund soon hurrying back to the king, an undisciplined disturbance lords it between the Gallaecians and the Sueves. Hilarus presides over the Roman Church as its 44th [Ms. 43rd] bishop. 7. 2. Nepotianus departs from the body (dies). Frumarius being dead, Rechimund, all the Sueves being recalled into his dominion by royal right, restores the peace that had slipped away.

In the month of May, the envoys of the aforesaid man Aegidius cross over the Ocean to the Vandals, who by the same course return to their own in the month of September. On the thirteenth day before the Kalends of August, on the second weekday (Monday), to the appearance of a fifth-day moon the sun is discerned diminished from its light from the third hour into the sixth. Remismund sends envoys to Theodoric; who likewise sends his own back to Remismund, with an addition of arms and gifts, and the wife whom he had being sent to him. The Vandals through Marcellinus are cut down in Sicily and put to flight from it. Aegidius dies—some say by treachery, others deceived by poison. He ceasing, soon the Goths invade the regions which he was protecting for the Roman name.

The Sueves, having entered Conimbrica by guile, despoil the noble household of Cantaber, and lead away captive the mother with her sons. In the same year, envoys are sent twice by the king of the Sueves to king Theodoric, to whom Arborius too sets out, having been summoned. [8. 3.] The returned envoys of the Sueves announce that Severus had died in the fourth year of his reign, who are sent back to Conimbrica. Ajax, a Galatian by nation, become an apostate and an elder Arian, emerges among the Sueves, by the aid of his own king, as an enemy of the catholic faith and of the divine Trinity. To the Gallican dwelling-place of the Goths this pestilential venom of the enemy man was conveyed. The Sueves rage against the people of Aunona:

on which account envoys are sent from Theodoric to Remismund in vain, and, spurned by him, soon return. From Constantinople, by the Augustus Leo, Anthemius, brother of Procopius, with Marcellinus and other counts, chosen men, and with a huge multitude of a numerous army, directed to Italy by God's ordaining, ascends. Of the Romans the 46th, Anthemius, is proclaimed Augustus at the eighth milestone from Rome, in the eighth year of the reign of Leo, in the month of August. 9. 1. The expedition arranged to Africa against the Vandals is recalled by the exchange of paymasters and the unseasonableness of the navigation. Through Theodoric, Salla is sent as envoy to Remismund, king of the Sueves, who, returning to the Gauls, finds him slain by his own brother Euric [In ms. Euveric].

Euric, by a crime equal to that of his brother, succeeds in the kingdom: who, advanced by honour and by crime, directs envoys to the king of the Sueves, which (envoys) being sent back without delay by Remismund, the envoys of that same king (are directed) to the emperor, others to the Vandals, others are directed to the Goths. Concerning the people of Aunona, against whom the hostility of the Sueves was directed, Opilio, with the men who had set out with him from the king, and with several who had been sent with him, returns. The Goths who had been sent to the Vandals, terrified by the rumour of the aforesaid expedition, return in haste: likewise also the Sueves, who after the envoys, in their wonted manner, had been scattered for plunder through diverse places, are recalled: but a few months later the king of the Sueves himself crosses over to Lusitania. 2. (Olymp.

312.) Conimbrica, deceived in peace, is plundered: houses are destroyed along with a portion of the walls, and, the inhabitants having been captured and dispersed, both the region is desolated and the city. The envoys returned from the Goths (report) portents, several things seen in the Gauls, in view... a sun similar to itself appeared continuously, another sun being seen... at sunset. The Goths too being gathered together on a certain day of their council, the weapons which they had in their hands, on the side of the iron or the edge, some green, some rose-coloured, some saffron, some of black colour, for some time did not have the natural appearance of iron, being changed. In the midst of the city of Toulouse in those same days blood burst forth from the earth, and flowed for the whole course of the day. 3.

A considerable force of Goths, pursuing the return of the Suevic envoys, makes for Emerita. Olisipo (Lisbon) is occupied by the Sueves, its own citizen Lusidius, who was in command there, betraying it. This matter being learned, the Goths who had come invade and plunder the Sueves, and likewise the Romans serving them in the regions of Lusitania. The envoys who had been sent to the emperor return, announcing that in their presence a very great army with three chosen leaders had come down against the Vandals from the emperor Leo, Marcellinus likewise being directed with a great force allied to him by the emperor Anthemius. (They announce) that Rechimer had been made son-in-law of the emperor Anthemius and patrician:

(and) that Aspar had been degraded to private life, his son slain, as they had been detected plotting against the Roman empire, consulting with the Vandals. Hilarus having died, the six years of his priesthood being completed, Simplicius is ordained as 45th bishop of the Roman Church. The Aunonenses make peace with the king of the Sueves, who, plundering, invade certain places both of Lusitania and of the conventus of Asturica. The Goths rage with equal hostility around the same conventus, and plunder also the parts of Lusitania. Lusidius, through Remismund, is directed with his own men of the Sueves to the emperor on an embassy. A year of harshness beyond the usual in the changeableness of the weather and of all the fruits of winter, spring, summer, and autumn is spread abroad at this same time.

Several signs too and prodigies are perceived in the places of Gallaecia. In the river Minius, at about the fifth milestone from the municipality of Lais, four fish are caught, new in sight and appearance, just as those Christian and religious men who had caught them reported, marked with Hebrew and Greek letters, but with Latin in the numerals of the eras, thus comprising the cycle of 365 years, with an equal interval of months. Not far from the aforesaid municipality, in the appearance of a lentil, of a most green colour, like a certain herb in the form of grains, full of bitterness, it flowed down from the sky; and many other portents which it would be tedious to relate.