拉丁教父 › 文集與托雷多會議
塞維利亞的萊安德爾
文集與托雷多會議 第 52 章
拉丁文原文．8 節．部分字詞可點開查義
52:1
Imperator Justinianus Augustus Joanni gloriosissimo sacrorum per Orientem praetoriorum præfecto, iterum exconsule et patricio. Et circa leges studium, et alia omnia a nobis ideo quotidie cum labore aguntar, ut utilitatem nostris subjectis inveniamus: quod effusum quidem et immensum est removentes, quod autem et optimum et metitum, subrogantes. Et sæpe quoque ex studio propter priorem immensitatem etiam ultra mensuram legem constrinximus, ut quod primitus affluebat retinentes, ita æqualitatem de caetero introduceremus.
皇帝查士丁尼·奧古斯都諭至約翰——東方諸神聖禁衛軍轄區的至榮顯長官、兩度卸任執政、貴胄。我們在律法上的勤勉以及一切其他作為，之所以日復一日地辛勞進行，乃是為要為我們的臣民謀求益處：除去那過度而無節的，並以那既最善又適度的取而代之。而且我們常常出於熱心，因先前的無節制之故，甚至過分地收緊了律法，好叫我們保留起初泛濫的，從此引進平等。
The Emperor Justinian Augustus to John, most glorious prefect of the sacred praetoria throughout the East, twice ex-consul and patrician. Both our zeal concerning the laws and all else are therefore daily carried on by us with labour, that we may find advantage for our subjects: removing that which is excessive and immense, and substituting that which is both best and measured. And often too out of zeal, on account of the former immoderation, we have constrained the law even beyond measure, so that, retaining what at first overflowed, we might thereafter introduce equality.
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Nuper igitur scripsimus legem de sanctissimis ecclesiis omnibus, et monasteriis, et reliquis venerabilibus domibus, nullam eis rerum immobilium alienationis licentiam permittentem. Videbamus enim causam effusam, et paulatim ad alios ecclesiasticas migrantes possessiones, neque pretiis solutis dignis, neque opere inevitabili imminente alienatis, ted etiam contra positasjam leges decies millies circumventiones factas. Quocirca primam perimentes viam, omnibus similiter inaccessibiles contra eas facimus circumventiones. Sed hinc plerique quidem sanctissimarum ecclesiarum, aliarumque venerabilium domuum utilitatem habuerunt nullo possessiones has minuere præsumente:
因此我們近日頒了一條法律，論到一切至聖的教會、修道院和其餘可敬的房舍，不許它們有轉讓不動產的任何權利。因為我們看見此弊端泛濫，教會的產業漸漸轉移到別人手中——既未付以相稱的價銀，所轉讓之物上也無任何不可避免的需要逼迫——並且竟違背已定的律法，作出千萬次的舞弊欺詐。為此，我們革除這最初的途徑，使眾教會一律不受這等舞弊的侵害。但由此，許多至聖的教會與其餘可敬的房舍便得了益處，無人膽敢減損這些產業：
Lately therefore we wrote a law concerning all the most holy churches, and the monasteries, and the rest of the venerable houses, permitting them no license of alienating immovable property. For we saw the cause poured out, and the ecclesiastical possessions little by little migrating to others—neither with worthy prices paid, nor with any unavoidable work pressing upon the things alienated—but also that, contrary to laws already laid down, ten thousand times over circumventions were perpetrated. Wherefore, doing away with the first path, we render the churches alike inaccessible to such circumventions. But hence very many of the most holy churches and of the other venerable houses derived advantage, no one presuming to diminish these possessions:
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occurrit tamen etiam aliquid difficile. Debita enim, aut longo tempore constitUta, aut etiam postea ex quadam necessitate, et maxim per fiscales occasiones eis accidentia ad alienationis necessitatem sacras perduxerunt domos.lobili enim non exstante substantia sufficiente periclitabantur iri novissimam venire necessitatem. Harum præsules ne'lue vendere potentes, neque unde debita solverent habente, sed pro talibos quidem debitis posse pro solutione creditoribus dari possessiones ecclesiasticas; tamen cum competenti subtilitale et observatione facienda solatione jam sæpe permisimus, sicut neque palam hac nostra prius permisimus lege.
然而這裡也出現了一件難處。因為債務——或是早已產生的，或是後來因某種必要、尤其是因財政的緣故臨到它們的——已將這些聖屋逼到不得不轉讓的境地。因為既無足夠的動產財物，它們就有陷入最危急境地之虞。這些聖屋的主管者既不能變賣，又無從償債，但為這類債務，固然可將教會產業給予債權人作為償付；然而須以相稱的審慎與監督來進行清償，這事我們已屢次准許，正如我們先前未曾藉這條法律公開准許那樣。
yet there also occurs something difficult. For debts—either constituted long ago, or even afterwards out of some necessity, and especially befalling them through fiscal occasions—have brought the sacred houses to the necessity of alienation. For when there was no sufficient movable substance, they were in danger of coming into the gravest necessity. The prelates of these, being able neither to sell, nor having whence to pay the debts, but for such debts indeed it being possible that ecclesiastical possessions be given to the creditors in payment; nevertheless, with due care and observance, the satisfaction being made, we have already often permitted this, just as we did not openly permit it before by this our law.
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Si vero non privatus aliquis est creditor, sed præeminet fiscus, et exigit debita, est autem inopia pecuniarum, accipere vero immobilem possessionem impossibile est fiscum, hic relaxare aliqui subtilitatis legis competere judicavimus. Et si quanecessitas hujusmodi fiat, etiam alienationem sine re prospeximus. Sancimus igitur si sanctarum aliqua ecclesiarum, aut reliquarum colendarum domnum. fiscales debeat functiones, et node faciat horum reddilionem non habeat, convenire omnes in unum, et qui ex clero sunt, et Deo amabilem episcopum ejus civitatis, insuper et metropoleos, et sacris proposi tis eloquiis causam examinari.
但若債權人不是某私人，乃是國庫居先並追討債務，又遇缺乏銀錢，而國庫接受不動產又屬不可能，在此情形下，我們判定應稍稍放寬律法的嚴格。倘若有這類必要產生，我們已預備：即便沒有產物本身，也可進行轉讓。因此我們規定：若有聖教會中的任何一所，或其餘當受尊崇之屋，欠著國庫的賦課，又無從償還，眾人就當聚集為一——既有屬神職的人，也有那城蒙神所愛的主教，並且還有都會主教——且當擺出神聖的經言，將此案審查。
But if the creditor is not some private person, but the fisc takes precedence and exacts the debts, and there is a scarcity of moneys, while it is impossible for the fisc to receive an immovable possession, here we have judged it fitting to relax somewhat of the strictness of the law. And if some necessity of this kind should arise, we have provided for alienation even without the property itself. We ordain therefore: if any of the holy churches, or of the other houses to be venerated, should owe fiscal dues, and have not whence to make repayment of these, that all assemble in one—both those who are of the clergy, and the bishop beloved of God of that city, and moreover of the metropolis—and that, with the sacred oracles set forth, the case be examined.
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Et si non apparuerit ullus quæstus citra alientionem Immobilis rei valens solvere fiscale debitum, tunc licentiam esse eis, sententia tali procedente, et decreto celebrato apud provinciae judicem, etiam possessiones immobiles contingere, et eas alienare ad solutionem debiti, ementibus quidem in fiscam solventibus, et desuscepta Inde percipientibus, et subeuntibus fiscale debitum, et cautelam inde habentibus, et nihil metuentibus primitus positam legem, constitutis et fiscalibus desusceptis, et insinuatis inter monumenta gestorum, deponentibus his qui fecerunt eam, uC et apud sanctissimas ecclesias salventur clara desuscepta, eo quod fiscalia soluta sint tributa, et omnia secundum nostram legem gesta sint.
若除了轉讓不動產之外，並無別的進款足以清償國庫之債，那麼，在如此判決下達、並在省級審判官面前作成法令之後，就准許他們動用不動產，並將其轉讓以償債；買主則向國庫繳付並從中取得收據，承擔該國庫之債，由此持有保證，並不懼怕先前所定的律法；國庫的收據要被製成並編入訴訟案卷之中，由經辦此事的人存檔，使至聖的教會那邊也得保存清楚的收據，證明國庫的稅賦已繳，並且一切都照我們的法律辦理。
And if no gain should appear, short of the alienation of the immovable property, able to discharge the fiscal debt, then let them have license—such sentence proceeding, and a decree being passed before the judge of the province—to lay hold even of immovable possessions, and to alienate these for the payment of the debt; the buyers paying into the fisc and receiving thence the receipts, and undertaking the fiscal debt, and having a security thence, and fearing nothing from the law first laid down; the fiscal receipts being drawn up and inserted among the records of the proceedings, those who made the transaction depositing them, so that with the most holy churches too there may be preserved clear receipts, in that the fiscal tributes have been paid, and all things have been done according to our law.
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Non potentibUs aliquibus fingere fiscale debitum, et ita ad alienationes immobilium rerum accedere, ideo etiam et decreti factionem permisimus, ut et fiscale debitum testimonio pandatur, et es quantis descendit tempori.. # quoniam non pecuniis solutum est, sed in necessitatem alienationis venit, ut veritas undique quidem protestata sit, omnibus coram sacris Evangeliis agendis: scientibus et episeopis, et cleriCis, et aliis omnibus, quia Deus respicit quae geruntur ab eis. Et si quid egerint per dolum, aut lucrum, aut machinationem, hoc in suis recipient animabus viventes ac morientes. Sivero privatus aliquis creditor fuerit, possit seeundum pro soluto schema accipere immobiles pussession es.
惟恐有人能假造國庫之債，藉此進行不動產的轉讓，所以我們也准許作成一項法令，使國庫之債既藉證詞顯明，又顯明它起於多久以前；且因它不是用銀錢償付，乃是陷入不得不轉讓的境地，故此真相要在各方面得到證實，一切都在神聖的福音書前進行：主教們、神職人員們、以及其餘眾人都知道，神鑒察他們所行的。他們若藉詭詐、貪利或詭計行了甚麼，這事就要報應在他們自己的靈魂上，無論存活或死亡。但若債權人是某私人，就准他按抵償的方式收取不動產。
Lest any be able to feign a fiscal debt, and thus proceed to the alienation of immovable property, we have therefore permitted also the making of a decree, so that both the fiscal debt may be disclosed by testimony, and from how great a time it descends; and since it is not paid off with moneys, but comes into the necessity of alienation, so that the truth may on every side be attested, all things being done before the sacred Gospels: the bishops too knowing, and the clerics, and all others, that God beholds what is done by them. And if they should act anything through deceit, or gain, or contrivance, this they shall receive upon their own souls, living and dying. But if the creditor be some private person, let him be able to receive immovable possessions according to the scheme of payment-in-kind.
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Hoc quoque decreto faciendo, pro mensura vero eorum debitorum assignandis eis possessionibus. Si vero fiscale debitum fuerit, potentibus eis ad alienationem immobilium accedere secundum priorem observationem, ut nihil desit, neque subtilitatis, neque communis utilitatis. His amem universis sanctissimam majorem ecclesiam felicissimx hujus urbis, et ejus confinia, et orationum domos, quarum ipsa curam suscepit, omnibus excipimus inodisquae jam de hoc sancita sunt a nobis, in sua virtute durantibus.
這事也要藉法令進行，並按那些債務的數額將產業劃歸他們。但若是國庫之債，他們便可按先前的慣例進行不動產的轉讓，使無一缺欠，既不缺嚴謹，也不缺公眾的益處。然而從這一切之中，我們概將這至福之城的至聖大教會、其轄境、以及它親自承擔照管的祈禱之屋全然除外，使凡我們已就此所定的事項，仍存其效力。
This too being done by decree, and the possessions being assigned to them according to the measure of those debts. But if it be a fiscal debt, they being able to proceed to the alienation of immovables according to the former observance, so that nothing be lacking, neither of strictness, nor of the common advantage. But from all these things universally we except the most holy Great Church of this most happy city, and its confines, and the houses of prayer of which it itself has undertaken the care, in all respects—those things which have already been sanctioned by us concerning this enduring in their force.
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Si autem et aliqua monasteria sub eadem sanctissima majore ecclesia sint, nec ea sub præsentem facimus legem forinsecus in provinciis eam constituentes solum, in quibus multa quidem est inopia pecuniarum, per quam sanctissimæ ecclesiæ solvere per pecunias debita non valuerunt. Tua igitur celsitudo quæ placuerunt nobis cognoscens, secundum hoc procedere super sacris rebus alienationes custodiat. Datum XIV Kalend. Septemb. Constantinop., post consulatum Belisarii v. c., anno secundo.
但若在這同一至聖大教會之下也有任何修道院，我們同樣不將它們納入現行的法律之下，乃是僅將此法立於各省之中——那裡確實大為缺乏銀錢，以致至聖的教會無法以銀錢償債。因此，閣下既已認明我們所喜悅的事，就當看守關乎聖物的轉讓，使其照此進行。頒於君士坦丁堡，九月朔前第十四日，至顯赫者貝利撒留執政之後第二年。
But if there be also any monasteries under the same most holy Great Church, neither do we bring these under the present law, establishing it only abroad in the provinces, in which there is indeed much scarcity of moneys, through which the most holy churches have not been able to pay their debts by moneys. Your Highness therefore, recognizing the things that have pleased us, let it guard the alienations concerning sacred things so as to proceed according to this. Given on the fourteenth day before the Kalends of September at Constantinople, after the consulship of Belisarius, most distinguished man, in the second year.