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塞維利亞的萊安德爾
文集與托雷多會議 第 63 章
拉丁文原文．8 節．部分字詞可點開查義
63:1
Imperator Justinianus Augustus sacro regix orbis senatui. Si quid ad utilitatem et deene traditae nobis a Deo spectat reipublicæ, id semper cum summa animi alacritate studemus ad effectum deducere. Inde adeo et jam anlea legem de gloriosissimis nostris patriciis conscripsimus, quæ datione dignitatis ostenderet eos patria liberatos esse potestate. Indecorum enim esse putavimus, ut hi sob alterius degant potestate, quos in loco nos parentum ducimus.
猶斯丁尼皇帝、奧古斯都，致帝都的神聖元老院。凡有關上帝如此美好地託付給我們的這個國家之福益，我們總是以至高的心靈熱忱竭力使之成就。因此，早在從前我們已就我們至榮耀的貴族們寫成一道法律，藉著授予尊位而顯明他們已脫離父權。因為我們認為那不合宜：使我們所視同父母之位的人，竟活在他人的權柄之下。
The Emperor Justinian Augustus to the sacred senate of the royal city. If anything pertains to the advantage of the commonwealth so well handed over to us by God, we always strive with the highest alacrity of spirit to bring it to effect. Hence indeed even before now we wrote a law concerning our most glorious patricians, which by the bestowal of the dignity would show them to be freed from paternal power. For we judged it unseemly that those whom we account in the place of parents should live under the power of another.
63:2
Nam si actus emancipationis, qui olim sub legis actiones (ut vocant) constituebatur, vel cum contumeliis et alapis, hujusmodi eos vinculis liberabat, quomodo non item codicilli, qui omnibus hominibus dignitate praestant, diri soliti a majestate imperatoria, quæ summae rerum præsidet, patriae potestatis jure ipsos liberent' Nunc vero cum humaniorem quamdam et plus amplitudinil allaturam reipublicae sententiam agitemus in animo, etiam de gloriosissimis consulibus, qui post majestatem imperatoriam nomen suum addunt tempori, neque non de his qui consularibus tantummodo honorantur codicillis, atque magistratibus a nexu curiae liberare queuntibus, hoc est praefectura juxta et magisterio militum (qui tamen iu ipsis thronis atque actu fuerint cogniti), hoc idem sancimus, ut omnis ejusmodi dignitas talisque magistratus nonnulis, quos ipsi nos probaverimus, acquisitus, qui et a curia ipsos liberos reddit, is valeat etiam jure patri aut aviue eos potestatis liberare.
因為解放之舉——昔日是在所謂的「法定訴訟程序」之下、甚至伴以辱罵與摑打而舉行——尚且能使人從這等束縛中得釋，那麼那由主掌萬事的皇帝威嚴所慣常頒授、在尊位上勝過一切人的詔書（codicilli），豈不同樣能依法使這些人從父權之下得釋？而如今，我們既在心中籌劃一項更為仁厚、且能為國帶來更大光彩的政策，我們便就此同樣立法，論及那些至榮耀的執政官——他們在皇帝威嚴之後將自己的名字加於年份之上——並且不亞於那些僅以執政官詔書受尊榮的人，以及那些能使人脫離元老議會（curia）羈絆的官職——即禁衛長官職，並同樣是軍隊統帥職（然而要是那些已在那些職位上並實際任事而被認可的人）——使每一這樣的尊位、並由我們親自所核准的某些人所獲得的這樣的官職，既使他們脫離元老議會，也有權依法使他們脫離父親或祖父的權柄。
For if the act of emancipation, which formerly was performed under the so-called legal actions, even with insults and slaps, freed them from bonds of this kind, how should not likewise the codicils, which surpass all men in dignity, accustomed to be granted by the imperial majesty which presides over the sum of affairs, free those same persons from the right of paternal power? But now, since we are revolving in our mind a more humane policy and one that will bring greater splendour to the commonwealth, we enact this same thing also concerning the most glorious consuls, who after the imperial majesty add their name to the year, and not least concerning those who are honoured only with consular codicils, and magistracies able to free men from the bond of the curia—that is, the prefecture and likewise the mastership of soldiers (those, however, who have been recognized in those very thrones and in actual exercise)—that every dignity of this kind and such a magistracy acquired by certain men whom we ourselves have approved, which also renders them free of the curia, shall have power also to free them by right from the power of a father or grandfather.
63:3
Si enim lege cavimus ut si servus aliquis sciente domino militia aut aliqua forte dignitate a majestate dignatus sii imperatoria, protinus liberetur, et ad ipsam rapiatur ingenuitatem, quomodo non justum fuerit euw quoque qui tam amplis codicillis diguatus sit, ab alienae potestatis jure liberum fieri ? Ea propter amplissima hac lege usi, sancimus ut ordinarii consules, si sub alterius potestate degant, una cum dicto, quod hunc dignitatis gradum ipsig largitur, ad suae potestati arbitrium deferantUr. Insuper ut his quoque quiemsularibus codicillis a majestate honestantur imperuiria, siquidem sub manu patrum constituti sunt, codicillus emancipation s loco sit.
因為我們既已立法規定：若有奴僕經主人知情，蒙皇帝威嚴賜以軍職或某種尊位，他便立即得釋，並被提升至自由出身本身；那麼，那蒙賜如此豐厚詔書的人，豈不同樣理當從他人權柄之下得釋為自由？因此，我們運用這道至為寬厚的法律立法規定：常任執政官若活在他人權柄之下，便當連同那賜予他們這一尊位等級的宣告，一同交付於其自身權柄的裁奪之下。此外，凡蒙皇帝威嚴以執政官詔書受尊榮的人，若置於父親之手下，那詔書便當代替解放之舉。
For if we have provided by law that, if any slave with his master's knowledge has been deemed worthy of military service or perhaps of some dignity by the imperial majesty, he be forthwith freed and raised to free birth itself, how would it not be just that he too who has been deemed worthy of such ample codicils should be made free from the right of another's power? Therefore, employing this most ample law, we enact that consuls ordinary, if they live under the power of another, be, together with the announcement which bestows on them this grade of dignity, delivered over to the discretion of their own power. Moreover, that for those also who are honoured by the imperial majesty with consular codicils, if they are placed under the hand of fathers, the codicil shall stand in the place of emancipation.
63:4
Porro et si quem cuicunque harum administrationum, quibus gloriosissimi praefecti sacrorum nostrorum præteriorum prasunt, praefecerimus, aut ad urbicariam præfecturam utriusque Romæ produxerimus, magisterium ve aliquod militum, ut hi quoque protinus suæ potestatis efficiantur. Nam ut is qui tot hominibus præ. iturus est imperio, totque bominibus daturus est mandata, sub alterius etiamnum potestate maneat, neque inter patres familiarum censeatur, legibus si. mul et sedibus nostris indignum duximus. Sane in genere (prout dictum est) sancimus ut quæcumque dignitas, quicunque magistratus, qui a curia liberandi potestatem habet, is ct suae potestatis jus in præmium ipso honoratis praebeat.
再者，若我們委派任何人去掌管我們神聖禁衛軍至榮耀的長官們所統轄的任何一項行政職務，或將他擢升至新舊兩羅馬之一的京城長官職，或某一軍隊統帥職，也願這些人立即成為自身權柄之人。因為那將要統領這許多人、向這許多人發號施令的人，竟還留在他人權柄之下，而不被算在家主之列，我們認為這對法律和我們的寶座都是不相稱的。誠然，總括而言（如前所述），我們立法規定：凡有權使人脫離元老議會的任何尊位、任何官職，也當把自身權柄之權作為獎賞賜給那受尊榮的本人。
Furthermore, if we appoint anyone to any of those administrations over which the most glorious prefects of our sacred praetorium preside, or advance him to the urban prefecture of either Rome, or to some mastership of soldiers, let these too forthwith be made of their own power. For that he who is to be set over the command of so many men, and to give commands to so many men, should still remain under the power of another, and not be reckoned among heads of households, we have judged unworthy both of the laws and of our seat. Surely in general (as has been said) we enact that whatever dignity, whatever magistracy that has power to free from the curia, may also grant the right of one's own power as a reward to the very persons so honoured.
63:5
Hoc certe patres quoque venerabiliores reddit, cum talium patres sint qui ita ab imperatoria majestate afficiuntur honoribus. Neque enim tantopere hoturn homine precibus majestatem fatigassent imperatoriam, nisi conjunctis studiis una cum filiis id contendissent. Unde sive hoc tempore aliquis filius famllias hisce honoribus aut magistratibus fruitur, quos ante enumeravimus, sive etiam postea frtiilurus est, consequitor omnes hosce potestatis suae jus, quod illis et peculium largiatur, et plenam arbitrii libertatem tribuat, ut et honore, et impertali de ipsis judicio digna faciant. ita enim patribus majori ea res laudi erit, et magnam eis laetitiae ansam præbebit.
這確實也使那些父親更受尊敬，因為他們乃是這些被皇帝威嚴如此加以尊榮之人的父親。因為這些人若不是與兒子同心協力一同竭力爭取，便不會如此以祈求煩擾皇帝的威嚴。因此，無論此刻有哪位為人之子正享有我們上面所列舉的這些尊位或官職，抑或日後將要享有，他都獲得對這一切事物的自身權柄之權——這既賜給他們特有財產（peculium），也賜予完全自由的裁量，使他們能做出無愧於那尊榮、也無愧於皇帝對他們之裁斷的事。因為這樣，此事對眾父親更增榮耀，並給他們提供莫大的喜樂緣由。
This certainly renders the fathers also more venerable, since they are the fathers of such men as are thus affected with honours by the imperial majesty. For these men would not have so greatly wearied the imperial majesty with their prayers, unless with joined endeavours, together with their sons, they had striven for it. Whence whether at this time some son of a family enjoys these honours or magistracies which we have above enumerated, or shall also afterwards enjoy them, he attains the right of his own power over all such things, which both bestows on them a peculium and grants full liberty of choice, so that they may do things worthy both of the honour and of the imperial judgment concerning them. For thus the matter will be of greater praise to the fathers, and will afford them great occasion of joy.
63:6
Sed et illud insuper lege statuimus, ne istiusmodi suae potestatis jura consimilia largiantur, atque alia quæ per emancipationes proveniunt; sed imperatoria majestas per hujusmodi suae potestatis iura esimium quoddam munus præbeat. Neque enim volumus ut qui eo modo paterfamilias factus est, aut fit, aliquid legitimi juris amittat, sed tam familiae ad ipsos quam ipsis ad familiam legitima simul et naturalia jura intacta sumo; et filii eorum post avorum mortem in ipsorum potestatem recidunto haud aliter quam si horum patres morte suorum parentum.
但此外我們也以法律立定：皇帝威嚴所賜的這等自身權柄之權，不該與藉解放而生的其他諸權相同，倒要藉這等自身權柄之權賜下某種卓異的恩賜。因為我們不願使那以此方式已成或正成為家主的人喪失任何合法的權利，乃要使合法與本性的諸權——無論是家族對他們的、或是他們對家族的——都保持完整無損；並願他們的兒子在其祖父去世之後落回他們的權柄之下，正如同這些人的父親是因自己父母去世而成為家主一樣。
But this also in addition we establish by law: that the imperial majesty should not bestow such rights of one's own power as are alike to the others which come about through emancipations; but that through rights of one's own power of this kind it should bestow a certain exceptional gift. For we do not wish that he who in that manner has been made, or is made, a head of household should lose anything of lawful right, but that the lawful and natural rights, both of the family toward them and of them toward the family, remain intact; and let their sons, after the death of their grandfathers, fall back into their power, no otherwise than if the fathers of these had become heads of households by the death of their own parents.
63:7
non autem ex præsenti forte lege patres familiarum facti esseot, et merito filios suos post mortem suorum parentum in potestate haberent, ut in nullo ea quae a majestate proveniunt imperatoria, aliquid ipsi videantur adimcre, cum quidquid sive a Deo, sive a majestate imperatoria Deum imitante hominibus accedit, bonum sit, et deceat esse mansurum, et omnis malitiae et diminutionis extraneum. Palam vero est neminem existere qui ignoret præ omnibus utique religiosissitnis etiam episcopis una cum ordinatione suae potestatis jus accedere. Nam qui omnium spiritales patres sunt, quomodo aliorum adhuc potestati subditi sint?
卻不是說他們是因現行這道法律才成為家主，因而有理由在自己父母去世後將己子置於權柄之下，免得他們在任何方面顯為從那由皇帝威嚴所出之事中奪去什麼；因為凡臨到人身上的，無論是出於上帝，或出於效法上帝的皇帝威嚴，都是美善的，理當存留，並與一切惡意和虧損無分。並且顯然沒有人會不知道：超乎眾人之上，連那至虔敬的諸主教，也都隨同其按立而獲得自身權柄之權。因為他們既是眾人屬靈的父，又怎能仍服在他人的權柄之下呢？
but that they should not perhaps have become heads of households by the present law, and so with right hold their own sons in power after the death of their own parents, so that in nothing may they seem to take away anything from those things which proceed from the imperial majesty; since whatever accrues to men, whether from God or from the imperial majesty imitating God, is good, and it is fitting that it remain, and be foreign to all malice and diminution. And it is plain that there is no one who would be ignorant that, above all others, even to the most religious bishops there accrues, together with their ordination, the right of their own power. For those who are the spiritual fathers of all, how should they still be subject to the power of others?
63:8
Sed convenit ipsos quoque tali honore perfrui, atque hunc ex legislatione hac nosua fruclum percipere. Quae igitur nobis ad reverentiam honoremque vestrum, amplissimi patres, placuerunt, ea in perpetuum volumus, tum ad ornatum vestrum, tum ad largilatem nostram, quam patribus nostris, consulibus et sacerdotibus contulimus, demonstrandam, nostrae decus addere reipublicæ. Dat. xv K. April., Const.. imp. d. n. Justin. PP. Aug., Arione v. c. cons.
但也合宜的是，使他們也享有這樣的尊榮，並從我們這道立法中得著這果效。因此，至尊貴的諸位元老，凡為著對你們的尊敬與尊榮而蒙我們喜悅之事，我們願其永遠長存，既為增添你們的榮飾，也為彰顯我們向我們的眾父——即執政官與司祭——所施的慷慨，並為我們的國增添光榮。頒於四月朔前第十五日，於君士坦丁堡，我們的主上猶斯丁尼、虔誠者、永久者、奧古斯都在位之時，由至顯赫者阿里翁任執政官。
But it is fitting that they too enjoy such an honour, and receive this fruit from this our legislation. The things therefore which have pleased us for your reverence and honour, most ample fathers, we wish to be in perpetuity, both to add adornment to you, and to demonstrate our liberality which we have conferred upon our fathers, the consuls and the priests, and to add glory to our commonwealth. Given on the fifteenth day before the Kalends of April at Constantinople, in the reign of our lord Justinian, Pius, Perpetual, Augustus, Arion the most distinguished man being consul.